07/29/2026
Pectoral Crosses of the Russian Tsars
In addition to the royal crown, scepter, staff, orb, gold chains, barmas, and throne chair, pectoral crosses were among the most important royal regalia.
The most historically valuable is the small cross of Mikhail Feodorovich, the first Tsar of the Romanov dynasty. This relic was blessed to the young Mikhail by his father, Patriarch Filaret. It was made in Moscow between 1619 and 1633.
In 1627, Tsarina Evdokia Lukyanovna presented her daughter Irina Mikhailovna with a cross dating from 1554 with an ancient Byzantine sapphire in the shape of a cross.
The most beautiful and intricate cross that has survived to this day belonged to Tsar Feodor Alexeevich. This cross, set with large diamonds, opened and served as a miniature crucifix before which the Tsar could pray in moments of solitude.
The last official royal pectoral cross was the emerald cross of Tsar Peter the Great, who was crowned at the same time as his elder brother. Since Ivan, by seniority, inherited all the main royal regalia, a second set was made for Peter.
Emperor Peter kept his emerald cross with the image of Saint Peter throughout his life. By order of Tsar Peter, from 1719 onward, all regalia of the Russian Tsardom were to be kept in the Kremlin and belonged not to the monarch or dynasty personally, but to the Russian state.
But the pectoral cross remained with Peter until the end. The relic was transferred to the Kremlin from St. Petersburg in 1727 only after the monarch's funeral and the death of his wife.
In the 18th century, the coronation still took place in ancient Moscow, not the capital, but underwent some changes. The set of regalia changed: the traditional ancient thrones, scepter, and orbs remained, crosiers fell out of fashion, and the royal hats were replaced by imperial crowns. The royal massive gold chains, ancient shoulder barmas, and narthex cross were replaced by the chain of the principal order of the Russian Empire.
The royal crosses are carefully preserved in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin.