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06/06/2024

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06/06/2024

چپلی کباب بنانے کا طریقہ ۔

13/08/2023

3D Super Water Absorbent Door Mat 😍
✅Strong Non-Slip
✅Keep your floors clean
✅Super Water Absorbent

⭐ Highly Rated by Costumers⭐

ہم اپنی بات، خواہ غلط ہی کیوں نہ ہو ، نہیں چھوڑ سکتے ۔ ہم دوست کو چھوڑ دیتے ہیں ،بحث کو نہیں چھوڑ تے۔ہم مباحثے جیتنے کی ...
04/03/2021

ہم اپنی بات، خواہ غلط ہی کیوں نہ ہو ، نہیں چھوڑ سکتے ۔ ہم دوست کو چھوڑ دیتے ہیں ،بحث کو نہیں چھوڑ تے۔ہم مباحثے جیتنے کی تمنا میں آپنے ساتھی ہار بیٹھتے ہیں۔ قافلہ ختم ہو جائے ہماری سرداری ختم نہیں ہوتی۔ہم کچھ بھی تو تسلیم نہیں کرتے۔ ہم دوسروں کی حقیقت تو کسی قیمت پر تسلیم کرنے کو قطعاً تیار نہیں ہوتے۔

واصف علی واصف کی کتاب" حرف حرف حقیقت " سے اقتباس۔

""Psychology""Learning "Any relatively permanent change in behavior which occur through practice and experience is c...
13/12/2020

""Psychology""

Learning

"Any relatively permanent change in behavior which occur through practice and experience is called learning".

Three basic elements
1 change in behavior
2 practice and experience
3 permanent change in behavior.

Woodworth's definition

" A process of acquiring new knowledge and new responses is process of learning "

Learning start from simple to complex .

Three theorise of learning

1 classical conditioning
2 operant conditioning.( Instrumental )
3 social learning theory ( observational )

1) classical conditioning .

Proposed by elven pavlov Russian physiologist .

Experiment on dog's digestive system .

He trained the dog with bell sound when he is going to serve the food to eat .

Three steps .

1 Before conditioning / experiment
There is a natural stimulus ( food) and natural response ( to salivate ) on the other hand naturally occuring stimulus ( bell sound ) and naturally occuring response ( no salivating ) .

2 During conditioning / experiment
In this he started to train a dog with the combination of both natural stimulus and naturally occuring stimulus to shape dog's behavior . Training .

3 After conditioning / experiment
Dog started to salivate with naturally occuring stimulus ( sound of bell ) as well.

Key principles .
1 acquisition
2 extinction
3 spontaneous recovery
4 stimulus generalization .
5 stimulus discrimination

Classical conditioning is based on behaviorism

1 a learning occur through interaction with environment .
2 environment shape behavior .

2) operant conditioning .

Proposed by B F skinner .

Also called instrumental theory .

The theory tell that " a particular behavior can be learned through reward and punishment "

Experiment on rat .

To main idea

A behavior is likely to be repeated more which have good consequences and a behavior is likely to be repeated less which has not good consequences .

1 neutral

A behavior have equal probability ( chance ) to be repeated or not repeated which have nether positive ( good ) consequences nor bad consequences .

2 Reinforcer

A behavior should be increased . Ether positive or negative behavior . ( Motivation / reward )

3 punishment

It decrease behavior ether positive or negative .

3 social learning theory.

Also called observational theory.

Theory explain that " we ( human) can learn by observing behaviors that are occuring in environment "

Proposed by Albert bandura's .1977

To combine the classical conditioning and operate conditioning theory he get to models .

1 behavioral model ( external )

Stimulus _________?_______response .
Input _____?____response .

2 cognitive model . ( Internal )

Stimulus _____ mediation process ______ response .
Input ______ mental process _____ output .

Main idea

Bobo doll experiment 1961
Children learn samenone's behavior which is called models Usually father or mother .

Pay attention ____ encode behavior_____ react / reproduce .

Mediation process .

The process of information processing / thinking .

To think about behavior and the consequences of behavior .

Four steps

1 attention
2 retention
3 reproduction
4 Motivation.

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