10/12/2024
My Walking Thoughts for Sunday October 13 2024
Field Carrier Landing Practice
Waving goodbye to my unblemished target, I headed back to Saufley Field to prepare for carrier qualification in the T-28 C. The model differed from its sister, the T-28 B, with the inclusion of a tailhook, its associated operating equipment, and a slightly shorter propeller that provided increased deck clearance during arrestment deceleration.
Where my past duties at Saufley involved flying the T-34 Mentor primary trainer with its 260 horsepower Continental O-470, this time I was one of the lucky bastards who got to sound reveille with the 1425 horsepower Wright Cyclone 1820.
The routine was to make an early launch from Saufley, rendezvous with flight mates, and proceed to Barin Field, twenty miles to the west. There, we would settle in for 30 minutes of slow flight, which meant gear, flaps, and speedbrakes out, canopy open, and engine throttled back to maintain a steady eighty-two knots… not 81, not 83. As a point of reference, wings level power on stall speed is 70 knots. Power off in a 30-degree banked turn, this rises to 78, so there’s not a lot of wiggle room either way.
FCLPs
Once settled in, we were ready for the flight’s main event, FCLPs, whose pattern proceeded as follows:
1. Enter the downwind leg with gear, flaps, and speedbrake extended, airspeed 82 knots, canopy open, and at an altitude of 325 feet above the ground.
2. Proceed to a position Abeam the point of intended landing (1,000 to 1,200 yards distant) maintaining altitude and airspeed.
3. Begin the Approach turn 10 to 20 degrees (depending on the wind) beyond the Abeam position using 15 to 18 degrees angle of bank.
4 Pick up the Meatball at the 70-degree position. Still 82 knots, 325 feet, then commence a descent of 350-500 feet per minute to intercept and center the Meatball.
5. In the Groove, line up on the runway centerline and use throttle to maintain the glideslope… nominally 3.25 degrees.
6. On touchdown lower the nose to the runway. In the case of a full-stop landing, reduce power to idle and brake as necessary to clear the runway. If it is a touch-and-go landing (which most are in FCLP hops), retract the speedbrake, add takeoff power, and when airborne transition to 90 knots, make a gentle clearing turn to starboard, climb to 350 feet, and make a port turn to slot into downwind traffic.
The Meatball
From the beginning of aircraft landing on ships back in the 1920s, to the introduction of optical landing systems (OLS) in the 1940s, pilots relied on their visual perception of the landing area, with the aid of Landing Signals Officers (LSOs using colored flags, cloth paddles, and lighted wands.
OLSs were developed after World War II by the British and deployed on U.S. Navy carriers beginning in 1955. In its developed form, the OLS consisted of a mirror reflecting a light source set to show the proper glidepath, and a horizontal row of green lights as a reference to signal whether the aircraft was too high, too low, or at the correct trajectory as the pilot descended the glide slope towards the carrier's deck.
Fresnel Lenses have replaced flat mirrors in today’s optical landing systems, a great improvement for shipboard operations, less so at airports such as Barin that rarely are plagued by pitching or rolling motions.
So how did it go for me?
Smoothly, thank you… mostly the result of exacting training requirements, and the reliability of the T-28, coupled with its desire to do most of the work for me.
For example: The book said that once you centered the meatball on final approach, it should take between 24 and 26 inches of manifold pressure to hold glideslope. It was my experience that in the morning approaches, 24 inches was just about right. In the afternoon with higher headwinds, you might need 26 inches. Once you hit the deck and intended to proceed with a touch-and-go, you needed to get the speedbrakes up and grab a couple handfuls of rudder and elevator trim as you pushed the throttle to takeoff power. Again, the bird did the heavy lifting.
The more FCLPs I did, the less exciting the process was until, when it was time to go to the boat (next week) I felt confident in our (my and the T-28’s) prospect of success.
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During the entire workup at Barin Field, there was but one heartstopper when a member of my flight began to develop an engine problem.
Dutifully he began to climb, but before he reached 1,000 feet—too low to bail out—the engine seized. I think even today that from where he was at that point, he was in good shape for making it to the duty runway, but the airborne safety instructor told him to widen his pattern out, which turned out to be bad advice.
Barin Field has two 5,000-foot runways, 09/27, the main duty runway we were used to using, and runway 15/33. Unfortunately, from where he had been vectored the student was unable to make a proper entry into any of them. Instead, he cut across the field on a heading of north, touched down just short of the parking apron, ran through what had once been the Operations building, and shedding parts in all directions plowed into a slough.
Amazingly, a wrecker truck was in hot pursuit, arriving on the scene in less than a minute. The driver leaped out of the truck, grabbed the cable from the front windless, and leaped into the water where he took a turn around the aircraft’s tail. Racing back to the truck, he threw it into reverse and dragged what was left of the Trojan’s carcass back onto dry ground. There, sitting in his seat was the pilot, wet, still breathing oxygen through his mask, and unhurt.
There were three upshots of the adventure: destruction of the T-28, demolition of an abandoned building, and most unfortunate of all, the student’s decision to drop from the program.
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